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This gene encodes a subunit of the cytokine Interleukin 12 (IL-12), which is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of a 35-kD subunit (this gene) and a 40-kD subunit. IL-12 is primarily produced by antigen-presenting cells like B-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, and plays a crucial role in regulating T-cell and natural killer cell responses, promoting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production and the differentiation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. It exerts its effects through a receptor made up of IL12R1 and IL12R2, activating signaling pathways that involve the phosphorylation of JAK kinases and subsequent activation of STAT4, which regulates genes involved in immune responses. Additionally, as part of IL-35, it contributes to immune homeostasis in the liver and has immune-suppressive functions.