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Also known as interleukin-17E (IL-17E), IL-25 is a cytokine encoded by the IL25 gene on chromosome 14 and belongs to the IL-17 cytokine family. It is produced by various cells, including eosinophils, T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, and epithelial cells, playing a key role in regulating adaptive immune responses.
IL-25 promotes and enhances Th2 responses both locally and systemically. It signals through a receptor composed of IL17RA and IL17RB, activating the JAK2-STAT5A pathway to stimulate the secretion of type-2 associated cytokines such as IL-4, IL-9, and IL-13. Additionally, IL-25 induces the release of IL-8 and IL-6 from eosinophils by activating the MAPK and NF-kappa-B pathways. It also inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells by promoting IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 production.