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IL-26 is primarily expressed in herpesvirus-transformed T cells rather than in primary stimulated T cells. It is believed to play a role in mucosal immunity and has a pro-inflammatory function, potentially contributing to inflammatory bowel disease.
IL-26 activates several signaling pathways, including STAT1, STAT3, MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2), JUN, and AKT. It induces the expression of SOCS3, TNF-alpha, and IL-8, as well as the secretion of IL-8 and IL-10, and enhances surface expression of ICAM1. Additionally, IL-26 decreases the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and its activity can be inhibited by heparin.