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Also known as interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1), IL-29 is a cytokine belonging to the type III interferons group. It plays a vital role in the immune response against pathogens, particularly viruses, by targeting epithelial cells and hepatocytes, similar to type I interferons.
IL-29 has antiviral, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities, crucial for antiviral defense, especially in epithelial tissues. It acts as a ligand for a heterodimeric receptor composed of IL10RB and IFNLR1. Engagement of this receptor activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, leading to the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that establish an antiviral state. Its receptor distribution is limited to epithelial cells, enhancing its cell-type-specific action, and it also upregulates MHC class I antigen expression, contributing to its immunomodulatory effects.