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IL-34 is a cytokine that enhances the growth, survival, and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages by binding to the Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R). It promotes the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines, playing a significant role in innate immunity and inflammatory processes. Additionally, IL-34 regulates osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, influencing bone resorption. Signaling through CSF1R activates downstream effectors, stimulating the phosphorylation of MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1.