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Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a multifunctional cytokine primarily produced by T-helper 2 lymphocytes, as well as mast cells and NKT cells, playing a crucial role in the immune response against parasites. It influences intestinal epithelial permeability and adaptive immunity while promoting the differentiation of specific T-cell subsets, including Th17 cells, and the proliferation of mast cells. IL-9 exerts its effects through a receptor composed of the IL9R and IL2RG subunits, activating JAK1 and JAK3 kinases and subsequently driving transcriptional programs mediated by STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, with each STAT protein contributing to different aspects of cell differentiation and survival.