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IL-1A is an intracellular cytokine found in most resting non-hematopoietic cells, playing a crucial role in inflammation and linking innate and adaptive immunity. It forms a high-affinity receptor complex with IL1R1 and IL1RAP, activating signaling pathways through MYD88, IRAK1, and IRAK4, leading to NF-kappa-B and MAPK pathway activation.
As an alarmin, IL-1A is released during cell death, signaling tissue damage and inducing inflammation. It also senses DNA damage, acting as a signal for genotoxic stress without causing cell loss.