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A potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1B is a key mediator in immune responses, inducing prostaglandin synthesis and promoting neutrophil and T-cell activation, as well as B-cell function and fibroblast proliferation. It is critical for Th17 differentiation and synergizes with IL-12 to enhance IFNG production from Th1 cells. Additionally, IL-1B plays a role in angiogenesis by stimulating VEGF production alongside TNF and IL-6, and its mature form is released during pyroptosis via gasdermin-D pores.